Ninth grade is the ninth post-kindergarten year of school education in some school systems. The students are 14 to 15 years of age, depending on when their birthday occurs. Depending on the school district, ninth grade is usually the first year of high school.
In Australian state, high school starts in Eighth Grade for Western Australia, South Australia and Queensland. High Schools in Victoria, Tasmania, Northern Territory, New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory start high school at Seventh Grade. In mathematics, the classes focus on geometry, substitutions and formulas, measurements and equations. Though some states differ.

In British schools, 9th grade (in terms of age requirements) is equivalent to year 10 (called Year 11 in Northern Ireland), the fourth year of Comprehensive School/High/Grammar School. However, students in the UK start comprehensive school, High School or Grammar School (the school in which they attend is based upon their academic ability) at the age of 11, and finish at either 15 or 16 years old, depending on when in the academic year their birthday falls (1 September – 31 August) when they sit GCSE exams. Non-compulsory education continues where students can choose to remain at school or attend a sixth form college to take AS levels and A levels before applying to universities.
In the United States, ninth grade is usually the first year in high school (called "upper secondary school" in other countries). In this system, ninth graders are also often referred to as freshmen. In the mathematics curriculum, ninth graders are usually taught Pre-Algebra or Algebra I. Advanced courses (such as Geometry in the US) are usually available to ninth graders who are prepared for a more rigorous curriculum, depending on the school district. In some cases, the upcoming ninth graders will take Algebra II. Some districts across the country allow their 9th graders to take Trigonometry or AP Statistics, or even Calculus if the district provides.
In the English curriculum, ninth graders are taught the basic fundamentals of Literature and touches the fundamentals of speech and debate. They may also read Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare as it correlates with current teenage life and issues.
In the social studies curriculum, ninth graders are typically taught geography, government, and history. In most areas, students are open to taking more advanced history courses like world history or U.S. history with the consent of the pupil's previous social studies teacher.
In the science curriculum, ninth grade students are required, in most areas, to take earth science. Physical science may be taught as well in some schools. It is often a pre-requisite for most other lab sciences available at the high school level, and is often a requirement for graduation. In some cases, the upcoming ninth grader may choose to take the tenth grade course. Biology and chemistry can also be taken in 9th grade, depending on the district.

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Seventh grade (called Grade seven or year 8 in some regions) is a year of education in the United States and many other nations. The seventh grade is the seventh school year after kindergarten. Students are usually 12–13 years old. Traditionally, seventh grade was the next-to-last year of elementary school. In the United States and Canada, it is usually the second year of middle school, the first year of junior high school or the 7th year of elementary school. In Quebec, it is usually the last year of elementary school, or the first year of high school.

In the United States, it is important in mathematics, students focus commonly on an introduction to pre-algebra or the beginnings of algebra, including ratio, proportion, percent. New topics sometimes include scientific notation, concepts with negative numbers, and more advanced geometry. In some parts of the United States, such as Texas, Colorado, California and Utah, math may be mixed-grade according to the student's previous knowledge, so some students may already be in a 9th grade algebra course. In social studies, advanced pre-Civil War History is taught. Though American history is usually the norm, other cultures may be taught. In science, it is usually moderate-level biology. Foreign language is often introduced at this level. The students can typically choose from several languages depending on school ability.
In some states of Australia, including Victoria, New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, and Tasmania, Year 7 is the first year of high school, but it is actually the eighth year of schooling (Prep, 1 through 6 then Year 7). In Australia year 7s are aged 12–13 years old.
In Ireland, the equivalent is First year, the first year of secondary school. Students are usually 12-13 years old.
Its English and Welsh equivalent is Year 8, the second year of secondary education. The Scottish equivalent is Secondary 1 or S1 - the first year of Secondary education.
In Brazil now, the time for elementary school were recently raised from 8 to 9 years, and the minimum age required to the seventh grade was changed from 11 to 12 years old.
In the Philippines, the age to be a Grade Six student/ sixth grader is between 12- 15 years old. In some places, 7th graders are aged from 10 - 11 years old because of their status of being accelerant.
In Israel the seventh grade is the first year of middle school and is considered to be the toughest year of the middle school.
In South Africa, Grade 7 is the final year of primary school, it is also the final year before High School as there is no such thing as Middle School in South Africa. Pupils (called Learners by the Department of Education) are usually between the ages of 12 and 13.
In Sweden and Finland this is the seventh year of compulsory school and the first year of "junior high".
In New Zealand, the equivalent is Year 8, the second and last year of intermediate school, or the last year of a combined primary-intermediate school.
In Pakistan, grade seven is called Class Seven and forms middle school.

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Eighth (or 8th) grade (capitalized and called Grade 8 in Canada) is a year of education in the United States, Canada, Australia and other nations. Students are usually 13 - 14 years old. The eighth grade is typically the final grade before high school, and the ninth grade of public and private education, following kindergarten and subsequent grades. Eighth grade is usually the third of three grades or the second of two grades of middle school, or the second of three grades or first of two grades in junior high school, although some systems mark it as the final year of elementary school and some as the second year of high school (in Quebec or Australia for example).

The eighth grade mathematics curriculum in Canada and the United States includes either Pre-Algebra, Algebra I, or Geometry. Occasionally Algebra II is also taught in very advanced schools. In some schools, especially the ones that are witnessing the required Basic Standards Test, basic everyday "real world" mathematical skills such as check writing, money management, and geometry are taught as well.
In cultural and language curriculum, many students may opt to take a foreign language course, either for a semester or the full school year.
In the United States, U.S. history is the primary focus in eighth grade social studies.
In some parts of Canada (such as Newfoundland) and the United States, 8th grade is the first year of high school.
In Quebec, eighth Grade is equivalent to Secondary II (French: 2e Secondaire ("deuxieme")) or Secondary Cycle 1, Year 2.

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Sixth grade (called Grade 6 in some regions) is a year of education in the United States and some other nations. The sixth grade is the sixth school year after kindergarten. Students are usually 11 – 12 years old. Traditionally, sixth grade is the final year of elementary school, but in more recent decades, sixth grade has become established as the first year of middle school.
In the United States and Canada, sixth grade is usually the first year of middle school, or the last year of elementary school, as stated above. Students usually have different teachers for each subject.

In mathematics, students learn about Fractions and decimals. Exponents are also generally introduced, and students learn about the properties of circles and polygons, and the measurement of angles in degrees. Pre-Algebra and Algebra I are taught in some schools, as honors courses.
In science, students usually learn about life science, physical science, earth science. Students are introduced to scientific methodology, taxonomy, and ecology.
In English, students usually learn about grammar and the different types of writing (e.g. poetry, narrative, book report, research report).
In Malta, 6th grade is equivalent to Form 1 age of 11-12. This is the first year where students have different teachers for each subject but most schools have the same classroom for most of the subjects(such as Mathematics, English, Italian, French, science, Maltese etc.). This is the first year of secondary school.
In Ireland, the equivalent is 6th Class which is the eighth and final year of Primary School.
In Canada, they start sexual education. Learning about puberty helping them later in life. Also lightly learning about drugs, bullying/ cyber-bullying. In some parts of Ontario students are in a program specifacally for drugs and types of bullying. Grade 6 students in Ontario do a provincial test EQAO. For students in French immersion their whole test is written in English. Where in Third grade their math portion was in French. In many school children are either beginning middle school or their last year of elementary school.
In Singapore, the equivalent is Primary 5 or Primary 6, as the Singapore academic year starts in January, unlike in Europe, Canada, and The USA where it starts in September.
Average students start learning Algebra, Statistics/Data Analysis. For English, students learn English grammar. For Science classes, students learn about Biology, Chemistry and Physics as diverging branches of Science.
Advanced students in "special classes", known as SAP,or start learning Trigonometry and Advanced Algebra. For English, students start learning to write short stories and exploration of Shakespeare. For Science classes, students learn about agricultural contamination, industrial pollution and the origin of species (evolution).
Gifted Education Programme (GEP) students start learning the History of Mathematics, and Applications of Complex Algebra and Trigonometry in industrial circumstances. For English, GEP students start to learn writing their own novels, poetry and documentaries. For Science classes, students are encouraged to develop their own software applications such as iPhone apps. GEP students also learn about the origin of the Empiricism in Science with the advent of European Enlightenment.
http://sc-math.com/math/syllabus-76.php#t7
Its English and Welsh equivalent is Year 7, the first year of secondary school. The Scottish equivalent is Primary 7, which is the last year of primary school.
In Brazil, the age of the first year in elementary school was recently raised from 8 to 9 years. As such the minimum age required to enter the 6th grade was changed from 10 to 11 years old.
In Pakistan, Bangladesh and India, Sixth grade is called Class 6.
In Australia, Sixth grade is the last or second last year of Primary School, however in Australia it is more commonly called "Year 6".
In Finland, equivalent is grade 6 (ages 11–12).

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Fifth grade (called Grade 5 in some regions) is a year of education in the United States and many other nations. The fifth grade is the fifth school year after kindergarten. Students are usually 10 – 11 years old. Depending on the school district in certain parts of the United States, it is the last year of elementary school or in some parts of the United States, fifth grade is the first year of middle school.

In New Zealand, this level of class is called Standard 4 or Year 6. However in NZ most primary schools continue to teach Forms 1 and 2 or Years 7 and 8, with children continuing straight to High school at Form 3 or Year 9. Intermediate schools, teaching forms 1 through 4 or Years 7 through 10 are the exception rather than the rule. Especially in Rural areas where Area Schools can be found teaching all classes from New Entrants to Form 7 or Year 1 to year 13.

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Fourth grade (called Grade 4 in some regions) is a year of education in the United States and many other nations. Students are usually 9 or 10 years old, depending on their birthday. It is a part of elementary school. In some parts of the United States, fourth grade is the last year of Elementary School. Primary school is a school providing instruction for very young pupils, comprising the first three, four, or five grades of elementary school.

In the United States, in mathematics, fourth graders are usually taught how to add and subtract common fractions and decimals. Long division is also generally introduced here, and addition, subtraction, and multiplication of whole numbers is extended to larger numbers.

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In the United States, third grade (called grade 3 in some regions) is a year of primary education. Students are usually 8 – 9 years old, depending on when their birthday occurs.
In mathematics, students are usually introduced to multiplication and division facts, place value to thousands or ten thousands, and estimation. Depending on the school, students may even begin to work on long division. Decimals (to tenths only) are sometimes introduced. Students begin to work on problem-solving skills working to explain their thinking in mathematical terms.
In science, third graders are taught basic physical sciences and chemistry. Weather and climate are also taught. The concept of atoms and molecules are common, the states of matter, and energy, along with basic elements such as oxygen, hydrogen, gold, zinc, and iron. Nutrition is also taught in third grade along with chemistry.
Social studies begin a study of the culture of the United States and basic idea of the early part of the United States from the time of Native Americans to the Civil War. Outward expansion and the gold rush is covered.
In reading, third grade students begin working more on text comprehension than decoding strategies. Students also begin reading harder chapter books. They read and distinguish between a variety of genres: realistic fiction, non-fiction, poetry, fantasy, historical fiction, science fiction and folktales.
Social skills, empathy and leadership are considered by some educators to be as important to develop as the hard skills of reading, writing and arithmetic.

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In the United States of America (USA), second grade (called grade 2 in metric system countries) is a year of primary education. Second grade is the second school year after kindergarten. Students are traditionally 7–8 years old, depending on when their birthday occurs.
In mathematics, students are taught place value to hundreds or thousands, and renaming with addition and subtraction. Measurement is extended to the meter, foot, yard, kilogram, pound, and pint. Measurement of time and temperature in Fahrenheit and Celsius is also emphasized as well. Usually multiplication and division is introduced towards the end of the school year but not emphasized. Positive and negative numbers are introduced, but not added and subtracted. These values are generally introduced in temperature. Addition and subtraction facts are practiced throughout the year. Students also learn about plane and solid shapes in geometry and explore how they are apparent in our everyday lives. In reading, students read to perform a task using fictional and non-fictional texts, and learn about story elements, text features, and character traits.

In many counties and districts, schools have reading benchmarks that students need to meet by the end of each quarter and/or school year. Decoding strategies usually end in second grade and reading more for comprehension.
Students in second grade also learn the basics of grammar in writing, including subject, verbs, and adjectives. They also write to inform, to express personal ideas, and to persuade. Cursive writing is also focused in third grade.
Second grade science usually involvement of the basic earth and space sciences. Students are introduced to the planets and the weather system. Dinosaurs are also covered as well. Health science such as the human body is taught as well.
In social studies, a general understanding of the government and current events are discussed. Students are expected to know who the president and vice president, and some basic presidents such as Abraham Lincolm and George Washington. The concept of the law is taught in second grade. Second grade students may also get a basic understanding of history, and what life was like in times before they were born. Field trips to historical and science museums are common. Some basic sociological institutions are taught such as race and gender, and the exploration of different cultural groups such as Black, Latin, and Asian.
Although the U.S. does not formally have national grade standards, there are groups selected by the Department of Education to develop standards which are generally used by each State to set their own standards. For mathematics, it is the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. There is an English guide to the second grade maths standards and expectations.

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First grade (called Grade 1 in some nations) is a year of primary education in schools in the United States and English-speaking provinces of Canada. In mathematics students may learn about addition and subtraction of natural numbers, and about measurement. Basic geometry and graphing may be introduced. Clock and calendar time and money may also be in the curriculum.
In language first graders are taught the fundamentals of literacy, including reading sentences, writing very simple statements and mastery of the alphabet, building on what the students have learned in kindergarten or other forms of pre-school (although because first grade is the first compulsory level of education in many U.S. states, the level of literacy in incoming students can vary widely).

The expectations for first grade have changed. Curriculum is typically based on state standards developed by educators in each of the 50 United States. First graders are now expected to read and comprehend stories ranging in lengths and difficulty.
In the USA, students are also typically introduced to the concept of social studies with an emphasis on establishing ideas of history or civics in either a personal or in a larger sense. Some states focus on the basics of USA's history and patriotism is taught, with a focus on the founding fathers and the time period surrounding the American Revolution; other states require a social studies focus on family relationships in first grade, leaving community, state, and nation studies to higher grades. Basic geography is also taught in the 1st grade. Focus on the persons municipal area and culture, along with basic state geography may also be focused in 1st grade, depending on the state. First grade science usually involves the discussion of matter, plant and animal science, earth materials, and balance and motion.
Science as inquiry is taught and practiced in first grade. Students are encouraged to observe the world around them and begin asking questions about things they notice.

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